同窗口和标签一起工作

窗口和标签页

WebDriver 没有区分窗口和标签页。如果你的站点打开了一个新标签页或窗口，Selenium 将允许您使用窗口句柄来处理它。 每个窗口都有一个唯一的标识符，该标识符在单个会话中保持持久性。你可以使用以下方法获得当前窗口的窗口句柄:

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package dev.selenium.interactions;

import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import java.time.Duration;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;

public class WindowsTest {

    @Test
    public void windowsExampleCode() {
        
    	WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
        driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofMillis(500));
        // Navigate to Url
        driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/window_switching_tests/page_with_frame.html");
        //fetch handle of this
        String currHandle=driver.getWindowHandle();
        assertNotNull(currHandle);
        
        //click on link to open a new window
        driver.findElement(By.linkText("Open new window")).click();
        //fetch handles of all windows, there will be two, [0]- default, [1] - new window
        Object[] windowHandles=driver.getWindowHandles().toArray();
        driver.switchTo().window((String) windowHandles[1]);
        //assert on title of new window
        String title=driver.getTitle();
        assertEquals("Simple Page",title);
        
        //closing current window
        driver.close();
        //Switch back to the old tab or window
        driver.switchTo().window((String) windowHandles[0]);
        
        //Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
        driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.TAB);
        assertEquals("",driver.getTitle());
        
        //Opens a new window and switches to new window
        driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.WINDOW);
        assertEquals("",driver.getTitle());
             
        //quitting driver
        driver.quit(); //close all windows
	   
   	}
}
View full example on GitHub
driver.current_window_handle
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using System;
  using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
  using OpenQA.Selenium;
  using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
  using System.Collections.Generic;
  namespace SeleniumDocs.Interactions
  {
      [TestClass]
      public class WindowsTest
      {
          [TestMethod]
          public void TestWindowCommands()
          {
              WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
              driver.Manage().Timeouts().ImplicitWait = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(500);
  
              // Navigate to Url
              driver.Url="https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/window_switching_tests/page_with_frame.html";
              //fetch handle of this
              String currHandle = driver.CurrentWindowHandle;
              Assert.IsNotNull(currHandle);
  
              //click on link to open a new window
              driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("Open new window")).Click();
              //fetch handles of all windows, there will be two, [0]- default, [1] - new window
              IList<string> windowHandles = new List<string>(driver.WindowHandles);
              driver.SwitchTo().Window(windowHandles[1]);
              //assert on title of new window
              String title = driver.Title;
              Assert.AreEqual("Simple Page", title);
  
              //closing current window
              driver.Close();
              //Switch back to the old tab or window
              driver.SwitchTo().Window(windowHandles[0]);
  
              //Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
              driver.SwitchTo().NewWindow(WindowType.Tab);
              Assert.AreEqual("", driver.Title);
  
              //Opens a new window and switches to new window
              driver.SwitchTo().NewWindow(WindowType.Window);
              Assert.AreEqual("", driver.Title);
  
              //quitting driver
              driver.Quit(); //close all windows
          }
      }
  }
View full example on GitHub
driver.window_handle
await driver.getWindowHandle();
driver.windowHandle

切换窗口或标签页

单击在 <a href=“https://seleniumhq.github.io"target="_blank”>新窗口 中打开链接， 则屏幕会聚焦在新窗口或新标签页上，但 WebDriver 不知道操作系统认为哪个窗口是活动的。 要使用新窗口，您需要切换到它。 如果只有两个选项卡或窗口被打开，并且你知道从哪个窗口开始， 则你可以遍历 WebDriver， 通过排除法可以看到两个窗口或选项卡，然后切换到你需要的窗口或选项卡。

不过，Selenium 4 提供了一个新的 api NewWindow 它创建一个新选项卡 (或) 新窗口并自动切换到它。

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package dev.selenium.interactions;

import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import java.time.Duration;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;

public class WindowsTest {

    @Test
    public void windowsExampleCode() {
        
    	WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
        driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofMillis(500));
        // Navigate to Url
        driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/window_switching_tests/page_with_frame.html");
        //fetch handle of this
        String currHandle=driver.getWindowHandle();
        assertNotNull(currHandle);
        
        //click on link to open a new window
        driver.findElement(By.linkText("Open new window")).click();
        //fetch handles of all windows, there will be two, [0]- default, [1] - new window
        Object[] windowHandles=driver.getWindowHandles().toArray();
        driver.switchTo().window((String) windowHandles[1]);
        //assert on title of new window
        String title=driver.getTitle();
        assertEquals("Simple Page",title);
        
        //closing current window
        driver.close();
        //Switch back to the old tab or window
        driver.switchTo().window((String) windowHandles[0]);
        
        //Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
        driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.TAB);
        assertEquals("",driver.getTitle());
        
        //Opens a new window and switches to new window
        driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.WINDOW);
        assertEquals("",driver.getTitle());
             
        //quitting driver
        driver.quit(); //close all windows
	   
   	}
}
View full example on GitHub
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

    # 启动驱动程序
with webdriver.Firefox() as driver:
    # 打开网址
driver.get("https://seleniumhq.github.io")

    # 设置等待
    wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)

    # 存储原始窗口的 ID
    original_window = driver.current_window_handle

    # 检查一下，我们还没有打开其他的窗口
    assert len(driver.window_handles) == 1

    # 单击在新窗口中打开的链接
    driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "new window").click()

    # 等待新窗口或标签页
    wait.until(EC.number_of_windows_to_be(2))

    # 循环执行，直到找到一个新的窗口句柄
    for window_handle in driver.window_handles:
        if window_handle != original_window:
            driver.switch_to.window(window_handle)
            break

    # 等待新标签页完成加载内容
    wait.until(EC.title_is("SeleniumHQ Browser Automation"))
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using System;
  using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
  using OpenQA.Selenium;
  using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
  using System.Collections.Generic;
  namespace SeleniumDocs.Interactions
  {
      [TestClass]
      public class WindowsTest
      {
          [TestMethod]
          public void TestWindowCommands()
          {
              WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
              driver.Manage().Timeouts().ImplicitWait = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(500);
  
              // Navigate to Url
              driver.Url="https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/window_switching_tests/page_with_frame.html";
              //fetch handle of this
              String currHandle = driver.CurrentWindowHandle;
              Assert.IsNotNull(currHandle);
  
              //click on link to open a new window
              driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("Open new window")).Click();
              //fetch handles of all windows, there will be two, [0]- default, [1] - new window
              IList<string> windowHandles = new List<string>(driver.WindowHandles);
              driver.SwitchTo().Window(windowHandles[1]);
              //assert on title of new window
              String title = driver.Title;
              Assert.AreEqual("Simple Page", title);
  
              //closing current window
              driver.Close();
              //Switch back to the old tab or window
              driver.SwitchTo().Window(windowHandles[0]);
  
              //Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
              driver.SwitchTo().NewWindow(WindowType.Tab);
              Assert.AreEqual("", driver.Title);
  
              //Opens a new window and switches to new window
              driver.SwitchTo().NewWindow(WindowType.Window);
              Assert.AreEqual("", driver.Title);
  
              //quitting driver
              driver.Quit(); //close all windows
          }
      }
  }
View full example on GitHub
    # 存储原始窗口的 ID
original_window = driver.window_handle

    #检查一下，我们还没有打开其他的窗口
assert(driver.window_handles.length == 1,'Expected one window')

    #点击在新窗口中打开的链接
driver.find_element(link:'new window').click

    #等待新窗口或标签页
wait.until {driver.window_handles.length == 2}

    #循环执行，直到找到一个新的窗口句柄
driver.window_handles.each do |handle|
if handle != original_window
driver.switch_to.window handle
break
end
end

    #等待新标签页完成加载内容
wait.until {driver.title =='Selenium documentation'}
// 存储原始窗口的 ID
const originalWindow = await driver.getWindowHandle();

// 检查一下，我们还没有打开其他的窗口
assert((await driver.getAllWindowHandles()).length === 1);

// 点击在新窗口中打开的链接
await driver.findElement(By.linkText('new window')).click();

// 等待新窗口或标签页
await driver.wait(async () => (await driver.getAllWindowHandles()).length === 2,
10000
);

// 循环执行，直到找到一个新的窗口句柄
const windows = await driver.getAllWindowHandles();
windows.forEach(async handle => {if (handle !== originalWindow) {await driver.switchTo().window(handle);
}
});

// 等待新标签页完成加载内容
await driver.wait(until.titleIs('Selenium documentation'), 10000);
// 存储原始窗口的 ID
val originalWindow = driver.getWindowHandle()

// 检查一下，我们还没有打开其他的窗口
assert(driver.getWindowHandles().size() === 1)

// 点击在新窗口中打开的链接
driver.findElement(By.linkText("new window")).click()

// 等待新窗口或标签页
wait.until(numberOfWindowsToBe(2))

// 循环执行，直到找到一个新的窗口句柄
for (windowHandle in driver.getWindowHandles()) {
if (!originalWindow.contentEquals(windowHandle)) {
driver.switchTo().window(windowHandle)
break
}
}

// 等待新标签页完成加载内容
wait.until(titleIs("Selenium documentation"))

关闭窗口或标签页

当你完成了一个窗口或标签页的工作时，_并且_它不是浏览器中最后一个打开的窗口或标签页时，你应该关闭它并切换回你之前使用的窗口。 假设您遵循了前一节中的代码示例，您将把前一个窗口句柄存储在一个变量中。把这些放在一起，你会得到:

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package dev.selenium.interactions;

import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import java.time.Duration;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;

public class WindowsTest {

    @Test
    public void windowsExampleCode() {
        
    	WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
        driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofMillis(500));
        // Navigate to Url
        driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/window_switching_tests/page_with_frame.html");
        //fetch handle of this
        String currHandle=driver.getWindowHandle();
        assertNotNull(currHandle);
        
        //click on link to open a new window
        driver.findElement(By.linkText("Open new window")).click();
        //fetch handles of all windows, there will be two, [0]- default, [1] - new window
        Object[] windowHandles=driver.getWindowHandles().toArray();
        driver.switchTo().window((String) windowHandles[1]);
        //assert on title of new window
        String title=driver.getTitle();
        assertEquals("Simple Page",title);
        
        //closing current window
        driver.close();
        //Switch back to the old tab or window
        driver.switchTo().window((String) windowHandles[0]);
        
        //Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
        driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.TAB);
        assertEquals("",driver.getTitle());
        
        //Opens a new window and switches to new window
        driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.WINDOW);
        assertEquals("",driver.getTitle());
             
        //quitting driver
        driver.quit(); //close all windows
	   
   	}
}
View full example on GitHub
    #关闭标签页或窗口
driver.close()

    #切回到之前的标签页或窗口
driver.switch_to.window(original_window)
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using System;
  using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
  using OpenQA.Selenium;
  using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
  using System.Collections.Generic;
  namespace SeleniumDocs.Interactions
  {
      [TestClass]
      public class WindowsTest
      {
          [TestMethod]
          public void TestWindowCommands()
          {
              WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
              driver.Manage().Timeouts().ImplicitWait = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(500);
  
              // Navigate to Url
              driver.Url="https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/window_switching_tests/page_with_frame.html";
              //fetch handle of this
              String currHandle = driver.CurrentWindowHandle;
              Assert.IsNotNull(currHandle);
  
              //click on link to open a new window
              driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("Open new window")).Click();
              //fetch handles of all windows, there will be two, [0]- default, [1] - new window
              IList<string> windowHandles = new List<string>(driver.WindowHandles);
              driver.SwitchTo().Window(windowHandles[1]);
              //assert on title of new window
              String title = driver.Title;
              Assert.AreEqual("Simple Page", title);
  
              //closing current window
              driver.Close();
              //Switch back to the old tab or window
              driver.SwitchTo().Window(windowHandles[0]);
  
              //Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
              driver.SwitchTo().NewWindow(WindowType.Tab);
              Assert.AreEqual("", driver.Title);
  
              //Opens a new window and switches to new window
              driver.SwitchTo().NewWindow(WindowType.Window);
              Assert.AreEqual("", driver.Title);
  
              //quitting driver
              driver.Quit(); //close all windows
          }
      }
  }
View full example on GitHub
    #关闭标签页或窗口
driver.close

    #切回到之前的标签页或窗口
driver.switch_to.window original_window
//关闭标签页或窗口
await driver.close();

//切回到之前的标签页或窗口
await driver.switchTo().window(originalWindow);
//关闭标签页或窗口
driver.close()

//切回到之前的标签页或窗口
driver.switchTo().window(originalWindow)

如果在关闭一个窗口后忘记切换回另一个窗口句柄，WebDriver 将在当前关闭的页面上执行，并触发一个 No Such Window Exception 无此窗口异常。必须切换回有效的窗口句柄才能继续执行。

创建新窗口(或)新标签页并且切换

创建一个新窗口 (或) 标签页，屏幕焦点将聚焦在新窗口或标签在上。您不需要切换到新窗口 (或) 标签页。如果除了新窗口之外， 您打开了两个以上的窗口 (或) 标签页，您可以通过遍历 WebDriver 看到两个窗口或选项卡，并切换到非原始窗口。

注意: 该特性适用于 Selenium 4 及其后续版本。

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package dev.selenium.interactions;

import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import java.time.Duration;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.*;

public class WindowsTest {

    @Test
    public void windowsExampleCode() {
        
    	WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
        driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofMillis(500));
        // Navigate to Url
        driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/window_switching_tests/page_with_frame.html");
        //fetch handle of this
        String currHandle=driver.getWindowHandle();
        assertNotNull(currHandle);
        
        //click on link to open a new window
        driver.findElement(By.linkText("Open new window")).click();
        //fetch handles of all windows, there will be two, [0]- default, [1] - new window
        Object[] windowHandles=driver.getWindowHandles().toArray();
        driver.switchTo().window((String) windowHandles[1]);
        //assert on title of new window
        String title=driver.getTitle();
        assertEquals("Simple Page",title);
        
        //closing current window
        driver.close();
        //Switch back to the old tab or window
        driver.switchTo().window((String) windowHandles[0]);
        
        //Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
        driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.TAB);
        assertEquals("",driver.getTitle());
        
        //Opens a new window and switches to new window
        driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.WINDOW);
        assertEquals("",driver.getTitle());
             
        //quitting driver
        driver.quit(); //close all windows
	   
   	}
}
View full example on GitHub
    # 打开新标签页并切换到新标签页
driver.switch_to.new_window('tab')

    # 打开一个新窗口并切换到新窗口
driver.switch_to.new_window('window')
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using System;
  using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
  using OpenQA.Selenium;
  using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
  using System.Collections.Generic;
  namespace SeleniumDocs.Interactions
  {
      [TestClass]
      public class WindowsTest
      {
          [TestMethod]
          public void TestWindowCommands()
          {
              WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
              driver.Manage().Timeouts().ImplicitWait = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(500);
  
              // Navigate to Url
              driver.Url="https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/window_switching_tests/page_with_frame.html";
              //fetch handle of this
              String currHandle = driver.CurrentWindowHandle;
              Assert.IsNotNull(currHandle);
  
              //click on link to open a new window
              driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("Open new window")).Click();
              //fetch handles of all windows, there will be two, [0]- default, [1] - new window
              IList<string> windowHandles = new List<string>(driver.WindowHandles);
              driver.SwitchTo().Window(windowHandles[1]);
              //assert on title of new window
              String title = driver.Title;
              Assert.AreEqual("Simple Page", title);
  
              //closing current window
              driver.Close();
              //Switch back to the old tab or window
              driver.SwitchTo().Window(windowHandles[0]);
  
              //Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
              driver.SwitchTo().NewWindow(WindowType.Tab);
              Assert.AreEqual("", driver.Title);
  
              //Opens a new window and switches to new window
              driver.SwitchTo().NewWindow(WindowType.Window);
              Assert.AreEqual("", driver.Title);
  
              //quitting driver
              driver.Quit(); //close all windows
          }
      }
  }
View full example on GitHub

打开新标签页并切换到新标签页

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<details class="mt-3">
  <summary>Show full example</summary>
  <div class="pt-2">
    <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="background-color:#f8f8f8;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-rb" data-lang="rb"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#8f5902;font-style:italic"># frozen_string_literal: true</span>

require 'spec_helper' RSpec.describe 'Windows' do let(:driver) { start_session } it 'opens new tab' do driver.switch_to.new_window(:tab) expect(driver.window_handles.size).to eq 2 end it 'opens new window' do driver.switch_to.new_window(:window) expect(driver.window_handles.size).to eq 2 end end

<div class="text-end pb-2 mt-2">
  <a href="https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/seleniumhq.github.io/blob/display_full//examples/ruby/spec/interactions/windows_spec.rb#L9" target="_blank">
    <i class="fas fa-external-link-alt pl-2"></i>
    <strong>View full example on GitHub</strong>
  </a>
</div>

打开一个新窗口并切换到新窗口

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<details class="mt-3">
  <summary>Show full example</summary>
  <div class="pt-2">
    <div class="highlight"><pre tabindex="0" style="background-color:#f8f8f8;-moz-tab-size:4;-o-tab-size:4;tab-size:4;"><code class="language-rb" data-lang="rb"><span style="display:flex;"><span><span style="color:#8f5902;font-style:italic"># frozen_string_literal: true</span>

require 'spec_helper' RSpec.describe 'Windows' do let(:driver) { start_session } it 'opens new tab' do driver.switch_to.new_window(:tab) expect(driver.window_handles.size).to eq 2 end it 'opens new window' do driver.switch_to.new_window(:window) expect(driver.window_handles.size).to eq 2 end end

<div class="text-end pb-2 mt-2">
  <a href="https://github.com/SeleniumHQ/seleniumhq.github.io/blob/display_full//examples/ruby/spec/interactions/windows_spec.rb#L15" target="_blank">
    <i class="fas fa-external-link-alt pl-2"></i>
    <strong>View full example on GitHub</strong>
  </a>
</div>